Control Work

Control Work

1. Morphological structure of words is the morphemes. They are the smallest meaningful units into which a word form can be divided.

2. Words can be divided into morphemes. For instance, if we take the form readers, it can be divided into three morphemes: read-, expressing the basic lexical meaning of the word, -er-, expressing the idea of agent performing the action indicated by the root of the verb, -s, indicating number, which shows that more than one person of the type indicated is meant. The form beautiful can be divided into two morphemes: beauty-, expressing the basic lexical meaning of the word, -ful,  expressing the quality performed by the action indicated by the root of the verb.

3. That is the well-known fact that views on the case of English nouns differ widely. Te most usual views that English nouns have two cases: a common case (son) and a possessive case (son’s). The other views are: the number of cases in English is more than two (three, four, five, or even an indefinite quantity), there are no cases at all (there are relations between the forms son and son’s).

4. The verb has such morphological categories as the category of voice, the category of tense, the category of mood, the category of person, the category of number, the category of aspect, the category of form.

5. O. Jespersen denies the existence of a future tense in English, because it is expressed by the phrase “shall/will + infinitive” and the words shall and will have their original meaning (shall an element of obligation and will an element of volition). In modern English they are free from the shades of obligation and volition and express mere grammatical futurity.

6. Besides active (he drinks tea) and passive (the tea was drink by him) voices the following three voices have been suggested: the reflexive (he shaved himself), the reciprocal (they hug each other), the middle voice (the book read).

7. Like time, aspect can be expressed both by lexical and grammatical means. The aspective meaning is manifested in the lexical subdivision of verbs into limitive and unlimitive, e.g.: to go – to come, to sit – sit down, etc. But most verbs in English migrate easily from one subclass to the other and their aspective meaning is primarily rendered by grammatical means through special variable verbal forms. The expression of aspective semantics in English verbal forms is interconnected with the expression of temporal semantics; that is why in practical grammar they are treated not as separate tense and aspect forms but as specific tense-aspect forms: I am working - I was working- I had done my work before he came.

8. Owing to the difference of approach to moods, grammarians have been vacillating between two extremes — 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), put forward by many grammarians, and 16 moods, as proposed by M. Deutschbein. Between these extremes there are intermediate views, such as that of Prof. A. Smirnitsky, who proposed a system of 6 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, and conditional), who was followed in this respect by M. Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya.

In this way we should obtain a different system, comprising six moods, with the following meanings: (1) Inducement, (2) Possibility, (3) Unreal condition, (4) Unlikely condition, (5) Consequence of unreal condition, (6) Wish or purpose.

9. A phrase is every combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word (as, for instance, the perfect forms of verbs).

10. TYPES OF PHRASES

In studying phrases from a grammatical viewpoint we will divide them according to their function in the sentence into (1) those which perform the function of one or more parts of the sentence, for example, predicate, or predicate and object, or predicate and adverbial modifier, etc., and (2) those which do not perform any such function but whose function is equivalent to that of a preposition, or conjunction, and which are, in fact, to all intents and purposes equivalents of those parts of speech.

1. “noun + noun”  - silver watch

a) “noun in the common case + noun”

b)  “noun in the genitive case + noun” – father’s pen

2.  “adjective + noun” – an interesting story

3. “verb  + noun” – drink coffee

4. "verb + adverb" – run quickly

5. "adverb + adjective" – extremely interesting

6. "adverb + adverb"- very quickly

7. "noun + preposition + noun", - man of property

8. "adjective + preposition + noun" – indicted of deceive

9. "verb + preposition + noun"  - dream about something

10. "noun + verb" – a man writes

11. “a preposition and another word, mainly a noun” (in the street)

12. "adjective + adjective + noun" (new high houses).

 

11. These fall under two main heads: (1) agreement or concord, (2) government.

Agreement is a method of syntactical relationship, which consists in making the subordinate word take a form similar to that of the word to which it is subordinate.( a child plays)

Government is a certain form of the subordinate word required by its head word, but not coinciding with the form of the head word itself. (find him)

Примыкание. Its characteristic feature is usually described in a negative way, as absence both of agreement and of government.

"Enclosure." Some element of a phrase is, as it were, enclosed between two parts of another element. The most widely known case of "enclosure" is the putting of a word between an article and the noun to which the article belongs.

12. Three functions of sentences: 1) the predicative of a sentence whose subject and link verb have been omitted; 2) it is apprehended as a unit of communication; 3) the nomination.

 

13. Types of sentences according to types of communication:

1. Declarative

2. Interrogative

3. Imperative

4. Exclamatory

Types of sentences according to structure:

1. Simple (Extended, unextended)

2. Composite (The Compound sentences, the Complex sentences)

14. The basic predicative meanings of the typical English sentence are expressed by the finite verb, which is immediately connected with the subject of the sentence. This predicative connection is commonly referred to as the “predicative line” of the sentence. The simple sentence is a sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.  (ex: Bob has never left the stadium. /This may happen any time ).

The composite sentence, as different from the simple sentence, is formed by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated act of thought. The compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of coordination. The main semantic relations between the clauses are copulative, adversative. Similar semantic types of relations are to be found between independent, separate sentences forming a continual text. (Jane adored that actor, but Hockins could not stand the sight of him). The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from two or more base sentences one of which performs the role of a matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences. The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a principal one and a subordinate one. The principal clause dominates a subordinate one. (As I allowed the boy to keep the fishing line, he was friendly with me. / I am sure I can’t remember her name now.)

15. The subject is a main part of  a sentence which indicates the subject which is told in the sentence about. (The steamer has arrived. / Someone wants to speak to you.)

The predicate is a main part of a sentence which indicates what is told about the subject and answers the questions: what does the subject do? (He learns French. / He is a student.)

The object is a secondary part of the sentence , referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun,  a substantial pronoun, an adjective.(I have written a letter. / She gave the student a book.)

The Attribute - is a secondary part of the sentence , modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantial pronoun, a cardinal numeral and characterizing these words to their quality and property. (I received an important letter yesterday.)

The Adverbial Modifier - is a secondary part of the sentence , which indicates how the action is done, in what conditions. (She will come soon. / I found him in the garden.)

16. The types of the Subject:

Formal Subject It (It is summer. It is warm.)

The Indefinite Subject One, They. (One should be careful when crossing the road.)

17. The types of the predicate:

The simple Predicate (He goes to school.)

The Compound Nominal Predicate (It is she.)

The Compound Verbal Predicate (I must go.)

The Predicate There is (There is the book  on the table.)

18. The types of the Object:

The direct object (I have written a letter.)

The indirect object (I sent to the boy the letter.)

The prepositional object (We talk about our friends.)

The formal object It (I think it is necessary to wait a few days.)