Diplomatic handbook

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liquid assets, assets either in the form of money, or which can be quickly converted into money

Lombard rate, the rate at which a Central Bank makes loans to commercial banks against eligible securities (e.g. government bonds)

memorandum of association, a document specifying the aims and objects of a commercial company

merchant banks, banks whose business consists mainly of the accepting of commercial bills and the financing of trade

mixed economy, an economy in which resources are allocated partly through the decisions of private individuals and privately-owned business enterprises, and partly through the decisions of the government and state-owned enterprises: the two sectors are respectively known as the private and public sectors

modus vivendi, an arrangement which enables all concerned to carry on their activities in spite of disagreements, or while a disagreement is being resolved

most-favoured-nation clause, a clause which may be included in a commercial treaty between two countries that they will mutually grant to each other any favourable treatment which either may accord to a third country in respect of customs duties

motions for division, provision for separate voting on separate sections of a resolution

multi-fibre arrangement, an agreement between 41 developed and developing countries to protect the textile industries of the former by limiting imports from the latter

national debt, the debts of a government, both internal and external

national income, a measure of the money value of the goods and services becoming available to a country from economic activity during a prescribed period, usually a year

nautical mile, a distance of 2,025 yards or 1,852 metres, equal to one minute of the earth's measurement

non-aligned movement, group of 177 states originally uncommitted in the Cold War; now concerned with a new world order and economic development

notarial acts, the acts of an official (e.g. a consular officer) who attests and certifies documents

oligarchy, rule by a very small section of a state or community

oligopoly, a market structure in which only a few firms compete

ordre du jour, agenda

package deal, an agreement incorporating a variety of diverse elements

pacta sunt servanda, the legal doctrine that a treaty constitutes a contract between the parties, and that its conditions are binding and must be observed

pari passu, in step; by equal stages

Paris club, association of major creditor states concerned with renegotiating and, where appropriate, rescheduling official foreign debts

plenipotentiary conference, a conference meeting for the purpose of drawing up or revising an international instrument at which delegates have full powers

post mortem, an analysis or enquiry into an event, primarily to see what lessons for the future can be learnt from it (Latin: 'after the death')

Pressler amendment, policy of limiting US aid to non-nuclear states

prima facie, on the basis of the evidence immediately available

private sector, the private sector of the economy is the combination of elements in the economy which are not organs or agencies of central or local government and therefore includes the company sector and the personal sector

procedural motion, relates to the conduct of a meeting and must immediately be put to the vote by the presiding officer

procès-verbale, the minutes of a meeting

producer goods, goods made for the purpose of producing consumer goods, e.g. machinery of all kinds

productivity, the efficiency with which productive resources, i.e. labour, capital and land, are used, usually expressed as output per unit of input

pronunciamiento, a proclamation or manifesto, usually associated with the revolutionary takeover of a government

protocol, (i) formal diplomatic behaviour; (ii) an international agreement, usually supplementary to a major treaty

protocol of signature, an addendum to a treaty usually recording clarifications or reservations

proviso, an exception

public sector, the public sector of the economy usually denotes the combination of the central government, the local authorities, the nationalised industries and other public corporations.

purchasing power parity, the exchange rate between two currencies that would result in equal purchasing power in the currency areas concerned

quid pro quo, something given in return for something else: a consideration

quiproquo (French), a misunderstanding; at cross-purposes

rapporteur, the person who makes a summary of e.g. the proceedings of a conference

rapprochement, a renewal of improved relations between states

real terms, sums of money expressed in 'real terms' take account of the changing value of money; the change is usually related to a particular 'base year'

rebus sic stantibus, the legal doctrine which asserts that if the conditions under which a treaty was concluded have fundamentally altered, then the treaty may be said to be no longer binding

shipping conference, an association of shipowners, the main purpose of which is to fix rates to be charged and to allocate ports of call

sine qua non, an essential, something without which something else would not be possible

sinking fund, a fund built up by periodic instalments in order to accumulate a certain sum at a given date for some specific purpose

social dumping, in a free trade or low-tariff area, the transfer of industry or other sources of employment from a member country where the levels of social costs and labour legislation are high to a member country where they are low

special drawing rights, a system of international reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund

specific tariff, a tariff reckoned in terms of a specific amount of money for each unit of the commodity concerned (e.g. 30 cents per kg)

spot market, a market in which goods are sold for immediate delivery

status quo, the existing situation

suaviter in modo, ,fortiter in re, firm in purpose, courteous in manner

super-301, US legislation relating to unfair trade

tariff, a duty or tax charged by a country on its imports from other countries; a customs duty

territorial asylum, political asylum granted by a state to an alien in its territory

trade creation, in a Common Market or Free Trade Area the replacement of high-cost imported goods by low-cost articles produced within the area (e.g. benefiting from the economies of scale)

trade deflection, in a Free Trade Area the importation of goods into a member country with a low external tariff for consumption in another with a high external tariff in an attempt to pay the minimum duty

trade diversion, in a Common Market or Free Trade Area the substitution of cheap imported goods by more costly articles produced within the area

trade gap, the difference between the value of imports c.i.f., and exports (and re-exports) f.o.b.

trademark, the brand name or other device used to relate a commodity to the particular firm owning, producing or distributing it

tranche, literally a slice or segment: term used by the IMP referring to a credit granted to a member state. This is allocated in four tranches, each being dependent upon the acceptance by the member country of increasing degrees of financial stringency

ultimatum, final demand

ultra vires, not within the law

unit of account, in the European Union, the monetary unit used for fixing the price of agricultural produce, etc.

veto, a negative vote

volte face, an abrupt and complete reversal of previous policy

visible exports, exports which consist of tangible goods such as plant and machinery, consumer goods, etc.

Appendix F

NUCLEAR

NON-PROLIFERATION

A concomitant of the Cold War was the development and proliferation of nuclear armaments, both on the part of the major antagonists and of various non-aligned states. The end of the Cold War has presented the world community of states with the opportunity to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear armaments: failing which they will inevitably continue the process of proliferation as every regional 'superpower' seeks either to extend its hegemony or to match the nuclear capability of a potential rival or aggressor.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) came into force in March 1970, and its basic aims are to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons; to foster peaceful nuclear cooperation under safeguards, and to encourage negotiations to end competitive development of nuclear weapons with a view to their eventual elimination.

Under the terms of the treaty, nuclear-weapon states agree not to assist non-nuclear-weapon states to acquire nuclear explosive devices; and the latter agree not to manufacture or otherwise acquire such devices. Provision is made for the International Atomic Energy Agency to apply safeguards, including inspection in respect of nuclear material used in the peaceful programmes of non-nuclear weapon states which are parties to the treaty. The dangers of nuclear proliferation, not least of nuclear technology and know-how, have increased considerably since the break-up of the Soviet Union, and the member states of the European Union have made recognition of those members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on whose territory nuclear weapons were stationed, conditional on their adherence to the treaty as non-nuclear-weapon states.

There are 178 parties to the treaty, including the existing nuclear powers (with the exception of North Korea) who have also agreed to the Missile Technology Control Regime.

Review Conferences have been held every five years in accordance with the treaty, and in 1995 when the treaty came to the end of its twenty-five-year duration, the contracting parties agreed by consensus to an indefinite extension of the treaty. They also accepted three non-binding Declarations of Principle:

A restatement of previous commitments, particularly in respect of nuclear disarmament and an undertaking to end all nuclear tests.
A strengthening of the verification procedures in relation to disarmament.
The establishment of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East and the adherence of all states, without exception, to the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

INDEX

See also glossary of diplomatic, consular, legal and economic terms, pages 187-97

Abbreviations, international, 176-82

Accounts, 20

Accreditation, 4-8, 126

Agreement (see also Convention;

Declaration; Pact; Treaty)

Dayton (1995), 71, 112

Luxembourg (1966), 103

Minsk (1991), 99-100

Agrément, 4

Aide-mémoire, 32

Ambassador (see also Head of

Mission), 1-5

precedence, 27-9

Andean Group (Grupo Andino), 109

Apostolic Nuncio (see also Holy

See), 4, 14, 27, 28

Arab League, 92