Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 09 Января 2012 в 14:54, контрольная работа
Работа содержит задания и их выполнение по предмету "Английский язык"
Контрольная
работа
1.
Прочтите и переведите
следующие слова
и выражения.
2.
К каждому термину
из левой колонки
подберите русский
перевод. Запишите
получившиеся пары
и выучите слова
и выражения.
achieve | достигать |
affluent | богатый |
attainable | достижимый |
back-breaking toil | изнурительный труд |
calculation (и.) | расчет, вычисление |
comparison | сравнение |
concept | понятие |
consumption | потребление |
corresponding | соответствующий |
cumulative | совокупленный, накопленный, кумулятивный |
damage | ущерб |
deplorable | плачевный |
environment | окружающая среда |
escape | спасение |
favour | польза |
furthermore | кроме того |
Gross National | валовой национальный продукт |
increment | прирост |
insistent | настойчивый |
key | ключ |
leisure | свободное время, досуг |
misleading | обманчивый, вводящий в заблуждение |
nevertheless | однако |
obvious | очевидный |
point of view | точка зрения |
rapid | быстрый |
resort | прибегать (к чему-либо), обращаться за помощью |
revenue | доход |
steadily | устойчиво |
utilization | использование |
valid | обоснованный, действительный, имеющий силу |
welfare | благосостояние |
widen | расширять |
3. Внимательно прочитайте текст № 1, переведите его устно.
Economic Growth
Insistent demands for higher standards of living have put great pressures on governments to achieve faster rates of economic growth. In the more affluent societies there has been some reaction against the pressures for more rapid growth. Opponents of growth maintain that the costs of growth in terms of damage to the environment and the 'quality of life' are disproportionately high. Nevertheless, the demands for more consumption and more leisure are strong enough to make growth a major objective of economic policy.
The meaning of economic growth
In general usage, economic growth is taken to mean any increase in the Gross National Product, but for several reasons this is a rather misleading use of the term. First of all, GNP is measured in terms of money values so that inflation will increase the figure from one year to another. If we are to use the concept of growth to indicate changes in real income, the annual GNP figures must be corrected for price changes before any valid comparisons can be made. Secondly, changes in real GNP do not necessarily indicate corresponding changes in economic welfare. These are more accurately indicated by changes in real income per head so that changes in GNP should be related to changes in population. We should also take account of the composition of total output when relating growth to living standards. A massive increase in defence spending would show up as a large increase in GNP, but it would be misleading to use this as an indication of an improvement in material living standards.
There is one further distinction to be made. When an economy is functioning with excess capacity, GNP may be increased by putting the unemployed resources to work. Economists do not usually describe an increase in GNP which arises from a fall in unemployment as economic growth because the extra output is a one-and-for-all gain. The problem of economic growth is how to increase output when all resources are fully employed; it refers, therefore, to an increase in the country's productive potential. This means that economic growth can only be measured between periods when the utilization of resources, or rates of unemployment, were very similar.
The desirability of economic growth
Growth is an important objective of economic policy because it is the key to higher standards of living. It is economical growth which has made it possible for millions of people to escape from the miseries of long hours of a back-breaking toil, deplorable living conditions, a low expectancy of life and other features of low income societies. Furthermore, people have come to expect economic growth — we expect our children to have a better life (in the material sense) than we have had.
From the government's point of view, economic growth is desirable because it brings in increasing revenues from a given structure of tax rates. It means that more and better schools, hospitals, and other social services can be provided without resorting to the politically unpopular measure of raising the rates of taxation. Economic growth also makes it easier (politically) to carry out policies of income distribution which favour the less well off. If real income per head is increasing, a more than proportionate share of the increment can be allocated to lower income groups and a less than proportionate share to the higher income groups. No one need be worse off.
Of great importance is the cumulative nature of economic growth. We must use compound interest calculations to work out the longer term effects of particular growth rates. For example, a country which maintains a growth rate of 3 percent per annum will achieve a doubling of real income in 24 years. It is this aspect of growth which explains why relatively small differences in national growth rates can, in a matter of 10 or 15 years, lead to large absolute differences in living standards. It also explains why the differences in real income between a rich country and a poor country can widen even when they are both experiencing the same rate of growth... A 3 percent increase on pound m. is a much greater increase in absolute terms than 3 percent on 1000 pounds.
The causes of growth
Economists
have identified several factors which determine the rate of growth,
but there is a lot of disagreement on the relative importance of these
factors. It is obvious that, on the supply side, economic growth will
depend upon the increase in the quantity and quality of the factors
of production and the efficiency with which they are combined. But the
demand side is also important. The incentives to increase capacity and
output will clearly depend upon the level of aggregate demand. The object
of demand management is not merely to bring planned spending up to a
certain level and hold it there, it must be steadily raised to take
account of the desired or attainable rate of growth.
4.
Найдите в тексте
слова из задания
№ 2. Выпишите предложения
с ними и переведите
их письменно на
русский язык.
5.
Запишите предложения,
заполнив пропуски
данными словами.
Подчеркните вставленные
слова и переведите
предложения письменно
на русский язык.
6.
Выберите из слов,
данных ниже, синонимы
и запишите их
парами.
attain - достигать achieve - достигать
desire – желать wish – желание, желать
revenue – доход income – доход
widen – расширять, расширяться increase – увеличение, увеличивать, увеличиваться
steadily – устойчиво constantly - постоянно
obvious – очевидный evident - очевидный
affluent – богатый, приток rich - богатый
relate – связывать, иметь отношение connect – соединять, подключать, соединяться
furthermore
– кроме того besides - кроме того
opponent - противник supporter - сторонник
growth - увеличение decline - снижение
better - хороший, лучше worse - хуже
easy - самый легкий difficult - трудный
less - меньше, менее more - больше
wide
- широкий narrow - узкий
higher standards of living - более высокий уровень жизни.
faster rates of economic growth - более высокие темпы экономического роста.
the important objective of economic policy - ведущая цель экономической политики.
in terms of money - в денежном выражении.
valid comparisons - обоснованное сравнение.
corresponding changes - соответствующие изменения.
relating growth to living standards - показатель повышения уровня жизни.
use of resources - использование ресурсов.
back-breaking toil - изнурительный труд.
not resorting to unpopular measures. - не прибегая к непопулярным мерам.
a doubling of real incomes - удвоение реальных доходов.
relatively small difference - относительно небольшая разница.
the
level of aggregate demand - уровень совокупного спроса.
Much depends on the type of the investment being undertaken. Очень зависит от типа предпринимаемых инвестиций.
Increasing the amount of capital per worker is known as 'capital depending' and this process should lead the increasing labour productivity. Увеличение количества капитала за рабочего известно как 'капитал, зависящий', и этот процесс должен привести увеличивающуюся трудовую производительность.
The extent to which new capital is used efficiently is also an important consideration. Степень, к которой новый капитал привык эффективно, является также важным рассмотрением.
Changes in output per head are very much influenced by changes in the distribution of the labour force. Изменения в продукции на душу населения под влиянием изменений в распределении рабочей силы.
The lack of these facilities provides a serious barrier to more rapid economic progress in the developing countries. Нехватка этих средств обеспечивает серьезный барьер к более быстрому экономическому прогрессу в развивающихся странах.
As economic development takes place, there is a tendency of secondary production and later of the service industries. Поскольку развитие экономики имеет место, есть тенденция вторичного производства и позже сфер услуг.
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