Контрольная работа по "Иностранным языкам"

I.M.Sechenov

This interesting biography in Russian deals with the man, who is referred to by the Russians as the father of Russians as the father of Russian physiology.

Born in 1829, I.M. Sechenov   belongs to that group of scientists who are the true glory of Russia’s science. This group includes such names as.

D. I. Mendeleey , A. P. Beketov, A. O. Kovalevsky  I.I. Mechnikov.

On his graduation from the University of Moscow, he spent several years abroad. While working in the laboratory of C.Bernard , Sechenov made the important observation that there e4xisted in the brain of a frog special mechanisms capable of inhibiting  reflexes  proceeding from the spinal cord. This was a discovery of a special physiologic   function of the brain. His researches were published “Physiology of the nerves system”, in which he developed the hypothesis that all conscious and subconscious acts are in their essence reflexes. This was a startling idea for the time, namely that psychic life with all its manifold manifestations is activated and maintained by stimuli which the organism receives from outside as well  an  with stimuli originating wit5hin the organism. Sechenov argued that loss of sensory stimuli or loss of sensations would render psychic life in possible. The principal cause of every act of a human being is to be found outside of him, In his environment.

He arrived at a further conclusion that sensory stimuli need not necessarily be manifested by a motor act or any other external manifestation because the organism possesses nervous centers capable of inhibiting reflexes. This conclusion finds basis in his   discovery   that in the that in the brain of a frog there exist   special nervous centers which stimulated , will inhibit the development of reflex activities . This capacity for the elaboration of external manifestation of the reflex mechanism Sechenov considers the most important  acquisition by man constituting in fact the basis of that complicated process, which referred to as thought, intention, desire. Thought ,according to Sechenov, is a reflex in its conception and its continuation but without the terminal act which is expressed in motion.

The researches of Sechenov laid the foundation for the work of the Pavlov school. Pavlov himself stated that  sechenov’ s  ” Reflexes of the brain” constituted the starting point of the researches of his own  school l. The essential similarity and kinship in the work of Sechenov and Pavlov is that for both the formulation of the most the complex acts of so called psychic activity depends on the environment. The study of the higher nervous activity were the result of constant correlation between the organism and its environment .Both man stressed the objective physiologic method in the investigation complicated psychic phenomena.

 

 

Referred  -  есептеу, сілтеу       

Belongs - жату, құрамында болу

Graduation – оқу бітіру

Capable - қабілетті

Cord – арқан, шнур

Researches -  зерттеу, тексеру

Includes – бір нәрсенің ішінде болу

Conscious - ұғынушы

Subconscious – шала түсіндірілген

Manifold - көшірме

Essence -  тіршілік

Conclusion - қорытынды

acquisition –тауып алу

kinship -  ұқсастық

several –бірнеше,біраз

inhibiting - ұстау

necessarily - қажетті

capacity - сыйымдылық

elaboration –өңдеу,істеу

investigation - тексеру

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VERB                        PAST SIMPLE                            PAST PARTICIPLE

be [bi:]                            was [wɔz], were [wз:]                            been [bi:n]

find [faind]                  found [faund]                                      found [faund]

find [faind                         found [faund]                                     found [faund]

be [bi:]                           was [wɔz], were [wз:]                           been [bi:n]

lay [lei]                      laid [leid]                                                      laid [leid]

make [meik]                   made [meid]                                      made [meid]

spend [spend]                  spent [spent]                                       spent [spent]

think [θiŋk]                 thought [θɔ:t]                                      thought [θɔ:t]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Present simple      Past simple         Future simple

Is referred             was a discovery       will inhibit

are the true           were published

are in their             was a startling

is activated            were the result

is a reflex

is expressed

is that