Polysemy and homonymy in German and Ukrainian compared
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Описание
Language is defined as a human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. But frankly speaking, language is far too complicated, intriguing, and mysterious to be adequately explained by a brief definition. The organic function of the language is to carry meaning. Most of the problems in linguistic science are intimately bound to question of semasiology and call for scientific analysis of communication in words. The study of words is not exclusively a study of roots and stems, of prefixes or suffixes. The mysterious world of words is an object of scientific investigation [ 7, p. 29 ].
Содержание
Introduction 3 General Characteristics of Ambiguity and its Cases Ambiguity of Natural Languages 5 5 Polysemy as a Linguistic Phenomenon 6 Homonymy and its Types 9
Comparison of Ambiguity Cases in German and Ukrainian 12 Polysemy in German and Ukrainian 12 Homonymy in German and Ukrainian 13 Conclusion 16 Literature 18
Having compared polycemy and homonymyin German and
Ukrainian , we can make such conclusions:
The term ambiguity is seen as a phenomenon where
a word, phrase, or sentence has more than one meaning. Lexical ambiguity is widespread in
all world languages. A word is ambiguous if it involves two lexical
items that have identical forms, but have distinct, i.e. unrelated meanings. The special case of lexical ambiguity are polysemy,
metaphor, metonymy, vagueness, ill-definedness, laxness, generality,
and homonymy.
Polysemy is the capacity for a sign or signs to have multiple related
meanings. Polysemy exists only in language, not in speech.
Polysemy belongs to paradigmatic description. The meaning of the word
in speech is contextual. Polysemy can be viewed synchronically and diachronically.
In both languages German and Ukrainian
polysemy is the common phenomenon (almost each word is polysemantic). These two languages belong
to the same language family, and both are synthetic languages. So polysemy is more characteristic of the English vocabulary
than of German or Ukrainian one. The reasons for widespread development
of polysemy in English are monosyllabic character of the language and
predominance of root words.
The phenomenon where a word designates two or more
concepts between which no semantic relationship exists is called homonymy. There are several classifications of homonyms. One
of them is based on the type of meaning and according to it homonyms
may be classified into lexical, lexico-grammatical and grammatical.
The second classification is based not only on the meaning, but all
the three aspects (sound-form, graphic form and meaning) are taken into
account. There are homonyms proper, homographs, homophones
and homoformes.
As both languages are synthetic it is very difficult
to find proper homonyms in German and Ukrainian. Homographs are more
common in Ukrainian, and homophones are more common in German.
LITERATURE
Burcu Ilkay Karaman. Polysemy in
Natural Language: Case Studies on the Structural Description of Polysemous
Lexemes in English, German and Turkish. – Surrey: The Surrey Publishing House, 2003 – P. 45-64
Великий тлумачний
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Dieter Gцtz, Günther Haensch, Hans Wellmann. Langenscheidt e-Grosswoerterbuch
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немецкого языка. - М., 1959 – С. 53-59
Oxford English Dictionary [Electronic Resource]. – Mode of access : URL : http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/face?q=face - Title from the screen.
Пономарів О.Д. Стилістика сучасної
української мови: Підручник. – К.: Либідь,
1992. – С. 121-132
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours in Literary Theory:
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Blackwell Publishers, 2001 – P.29
Schippan Th. Lexikologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. – Leipzig, 1984 – S. 15-24
Smirnitsky A.I. Homonyms in English
- M.,1977- P.57-59,89-90