Среднеанглийские письменные памятники

    The introduction into  the «General prologue» differs the lyricism, uncharacteristic for the general tonality «Canterbury Tales» (the «Stories» are not lyrical product, but one of the first medieval products of a realistic orientation)[11,154]. Lyricism of a fragment is defined by interdependence of elements of a various level and the order which participate during generation of aesthetic impression.

   Let's consider a phonetic level of a fragment. For the phonetic analysis unaccented vowels have been presented both shock, and; the fragment is characterized by that dominate over it opened, and also long vowels:

   1: a-a-a-i-i-u:- -o:-

   2: -o- -a-a-e- - -o:- 

   3: a-a:- -e-i-аi-i-i-i-u:

   4: o-i-e-u-e-e- -i- -u:

   5: a-e-i-u-e:-i-i-e:- -e:

   6: i-i- -a-i-e-i-o-a-e:

   7: e- -o-a- -o- -o-

   8: a-i- -a-i-a:- -u:-i-o-

   9: a-a- -u -a- -e-o-i

   10: a-e- -a- -i-i-o- -i

   11: o-i- -e-a-u:- -i-i-o-a-

   12: a-o- -o- -o:-o-i-i-a-

   13: a-a-e- -o- -e- -au-o-

   14: -e- -a- -ou-i-o-i-o-

   15: a-e-i-a-i-o-e-i-i- -e-

   16: -e-e-o- -au- -u-i-e-e-

   17: -o:-i-u-a-i-o- -e-

   18: a-e-a-o- -a-a-e-e- -e:-

   The analysis of structure of vowels shows, that prevailing medium and velar vowels introduce harmony in an introductory lyrical fragment of  the « General Prologue». The effect of euphony is supplemented owing to sonority konsonansny structure of a fragment.  

1. : w…n …t pr…l w… h…z ..rs s…t
2. : th dr…ht f m…rt h… p…rs…d r…t
3. : nd b… …d vr v…n sw…t l…k…r
4. : f w…t v…rt ng…ndr…d z fl…r
5. : w…n z…f…r…s k w… h…s sw…t br…
6. : nsp…r…t h… n vr h…lt nd h…
7. : t…ndr kr…ps nd j…ng s…n
8. : h… n r…m h…z h…lv k….rs r….n
9. : nd sm…l f…wl m…k…n m…l…d
10. : th…t sl…p…n l n…ht w… p…n
11. : s pr…k… h…m n…t…r n h…r k…r…
12. … n l…ng…n f…lk t g…n n p…lgr…m… s
13. : nd p…lm…rs f…r t s…k…n str…n str…nd…s
14. : t f…nr h…lw…s k…w n s…ndr l…nd…s
15. : nd sp…s…l fr…m vr …r…z nd
16. : f ngl…nd t k…nt…rb…r …j w…nd
17. : h…l bl…sf…l m…rt…r f…r t s…k
18. : n…m h… h…lp…n w…n …j w…r s…k

   As a result of the phonetic analysis of a fragment following data can be cited: [n] - 42 times, [r] - 38, [s] - 32, [] - 26, [d] - 16, [l] - 15, [m] - 10.  Sonorant and and noisy occlusive consonants  supplement  eifoniya lyrical fragment (in comparison with slot-hole consonants, stop and deaf consonants are not numerous: [h] there are 14 times, [p] - 10, [f] - 9]). Thus, we can draw a conclusion about eifoniya of introductions, eifoniya, which represents one of the elements reflecting lyricism of a fragment.

    At a level of lexicon it is necessary to note a plenty of epithets: « soote shoures» (« обильные дожди»), «sweete breeth» (« сладкое  дыханье»), «tendre croppes»(« нежные ростки»), « yonge sonne» (« юное слонце»), « smale foweles» (« маленькие птицы, птахи»). Lyricism of the introduction is defined by character of the picked up epithets emphasizing idea of updating of the nature, its revival in the spring which expressiveness is emphasized by the lexicon of a fragment bearing in idea of updating of the nature: «zephirus» («легкий ветерок»), «croppes» («ростки»), «sonne» («солнце»), «licour» («нектар»),  «yonge» («молодой»),  « trndre» («нежный»).

   The special attention should be turned on grammatic and figurative parallelisms, built by the author, representing to the reader all situation which has reduced together characters «Canterbury Tales»" and has defined idea, character and structure of product [12, 19]. Chauser uses parallel adverbial turns in the description of the nature: «Whan that April … hath perced …; Whan Zephirus … inspired hath …, And the yonge sonne hath … yronne …». The Parallel designs supplement lyricism of the introduction, rhythmically organizing a fragment; elements descriptive give to the reader an opportunity to imagine a picture of revival of the nature by a life.

   Grammatic parallelism of first eleven lines assumes a certain figurative parallelism in the subsequent where Chauser speaks about the general desire of people in spring month to pass clarification of soul (before Easter): « … Aprill with his shoures soote the droghte of March hath perced to the roote …», « Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth inspired hath in every holt and heath» are parallel to a line» … thanne longen  folk to goon on pilgrimages …». Revival of the nature is built in parallel enthusiasm of people on pilgrimage, search of disposal of troubles, diseases:

    Sending on worship to relics sacred Fomy in Canterbury, G. Chauser (itself in a role of the pilgrim) meets group of the pilgrims going there. Representatives of various layers of a society, pilgrims, the purpose of their travel unites:

      The author stipulates that fact, that by accident such diverse company has gathered: « by aventure» (« по случайности «) - Chouser as though denies any intervention, as the writer, in process of travel, and also to narrations of other pilgrims [13,14].

   The realism of product which is distinctive feature «Canterbury Tales» is remarkable  Chauser names a concrete place of a meeting with pilgrims:

    The effect of a reality of occuring events (pilgrimage) is supported during all product. During travel pilgrims continually quarrel, trying the histories to vex each other (the Miller and Мagord).

    When the history is tightened and becomes tiresome, the story-teller interrupt (story of Chauser about sir the Topaz, tragedy of the Monk is interrupted):

    On a way of pilgrims the Canon with the the servant which it is too free catches up speaks about affairs of the owner, that, having forced it to drive off in confusion:

    In the prologue to «Canterbury Tales» characters-pilgrims, as unique individualities that distinguishes product from any other novels of the Middle Ages are most brightly presented to Stories all [14, 223]. The approach of the author to the description of characters is remarkable that the author in details approaches to the description of participants of pilgrimage:

    The author adjusts the reader on the subsequent detailed narration-description about each pilgrim, its appearance, position in a society. Representatives of various layers of a society have gone to pilgrimage [15,17] . By a social status of pilgrims it is possible to distribute on the certain groups:

-          High society (the Knight,  church attendants);

-   Scientific people (the Doctor, the Lawyer);

-   Land owners (Franklin),

-   Proprietors (the Miller)

-   The Merchant class ( the Merchant);

-   Handicraftsmen ( the Carpenter, the Weaver, and so on);

-  The Lowest class  (Plowman).

    It is very interesting to carry out detailed research of one of most brightly presented images «Canterbury Tales» is images of the characters opposed each other - the Knight and the Seller of indulgences.

   The first presents the Knight. Critics consider the Knight as the ideal figure presented by Chauser (on the same level with the Priest and the Plowman). The central characteristic is dignity of the Knight: «a worthy man» («достойный человек»), «ful worthy was he in his lordes were» («достойностью не посрамил он рыцарского рода» ), « and evere honoured for his worthynesse» («признали (все) доблести его во брани»), « this ilke worthy knight» (« этот достойный рыцарь»), « he were worthy» («был он достоин»). At a lexical level it is necessary to note a plenty of the epithets representing key characteristics of the character: «worthy» («достойный»), «wys» («умен»), «verrey» (true) («истый»), «parfit» (perfect) (« без изъянов»), «gentil» («знатный»), «honoured» («почитаемый»). Nobleness and dignity of the Knight is repeatedly emphasized: « loved chivalerie, trouthe, fredom, honour, curteisie» («любил он честь, учтивость и свободу»), «honoured for his worthynesse» (« почитаем за доблести»), «he no vileynye ne sayde» (« он бранью уст своих не осквернял»). Everything, that surrounds the Knight, that anyhow concerns to his image - adequately and nobly, possesses greatness: «at many a noble armee hadde he be» («во многих знатных армиях он был»), « in the Grete see» (« на Великое море»), «hadde been also somtyme with the Lord of Palatye» («бывал он также с лордом Палатии»). The Most part of characteristic Chauser gives the description of places where the Knight has visited military campaigns: