Роль заимствований в пополнении словарного состава английского языка

Глава 2. Этимологический анализ произведения У. Теккерея «Ярмарка тщеславия».

Большая часть слов в английском языке относится к заимствованной лексике. Заимствования происходили на протяжении длительного времени в силу различных причин. Слова перенимались из разных языков и отражали различные сферы человеческой деятельности. Для доказательства этого проведем этимологический анализ отрывка произведения английского писателя Уильяма Теккерея «Ярмарка тщеславия» (текст в приложении).

Проанализировав первую страницу (420 слов), мы подсчитали, что 286 слов заимствованы из других языков, что составляет около 70 % от всего изучаемого текста. Из них 89 существительных, 64 прилагательных, 57 глаголов, 65 служебных слов, 12 наречий.

Большая часть слов перенята из французского (72 слова),  латинского (68 слов) и немецкого языков (59 слов).

Слова, заимствованные из французского  и латинского  языков, у Уильяма Теккерея отражают различные сферы человеческой деятельности и касаются почти всех сторон материальной, общественно-политической и культурной жизни.

Проанализировав первую главу произведения, мы нашли большое количество слов, относящихся к области общественно-политической жизни:

religion – религия (от лат. religionem), party – партия  ( от фр. partie),  abbey – аббатство (от фр. abaie), aide-de-camp – адъютант (от фр. aides- de-camp), actor – актер (от лат. actor), clergy – духовенство (от лат. clericus), monde – общество (от лат. mundus), public – народ (от лат. publicus), sovereign – правитель ( от фр. soverain).

Среди рассматриваемых нами французских и латинских заимствований также есть немало лексических единиц, относящихся к торговле и домашнему хозяйству:

merchant – торговец (от лат. marcheant), salon – гостиная (от фр. salon), chamber – комната (от фр. chambre), apartment – квартира (от фр. apartement), parlor – фойе (от фр. parleur).

Мы нашли несколько слов, относящихся к теме «Еда»:

dinner – обед (от фр. disner), gourmet – гурман (от фр. grommes), jigger – рюмка (от chigger).

К теме «Мода» мы отнесли следующие заимствования:

costume – костюм, одеяние (от фр. custom), fashion – мода ( от лат. factio), coquette – кокетка (от фр. coquet).

Также нами было найдено много слов, используемых для описания человека и человеческих эмоций:

grief – печаль (от фр. gref), melancholy – меланхолия (от лат. melancholia), contemplative – задумчивый (от лат. contemplare), sentimental – чувствительный (от лат. sentimentum), majestic – величественный (от фр. majeste), miserable – жалкий (от лат. miserabilis), pompous – напыщенный (от лат. pomposus), genteel – благородный (от фр. gentil), affectionate – нежный (от лат. affectionem), admirable – восхитительный (от фр. admirer).

Слова, заимствованные из французского и латинского языков, относятся, в основном, к книжной лексике.

Вывод: проанализировав отрывок из произведения У.Теккерея «Ярмарка тщеславия», мы убедились, что процент заимствований в английском языке довольно высокий. Около 70% слов относятся к заимствованной лексике. Из всех частей речи наиболее свободно заимствуются существительные, затем прилагательные, глаголы, служебные слова и менее всего наречия. В исследуемом отрывке больше всего слов, заимствованных из латинского и французского языков. Слова эти описывают  различные сферы жизнедеятельности человека: моду, религию, быт, а также человеческие отношения и эмоции.

Заключение:

Рассмотрев исторические причины, источники и пути проникновения заимствований, можно сказать, что заимствования значительно повлияли на словарный состав английского языка. Он пополнился большим количеством слов, заимствованных из других языков.  Лингвисты, занимающиеся изучением проблем заимствований, утверждают, что около 70% слов в английском языке относятся к заимствованной лексике. Проведя этимологический анализ отрывка из произведения У. Теккерея «Ярмарка Тщеславия» мы убедились в этом. На английский язык оказали влияние многие языки, но особую роль сыграли латинский и французский. Из этих языков было заимствованно большое количество слов на протяжении практически всей истории развития английского языка. Исследуя отрывок, мы подсчитали, что в нем больше всего французских и латинских заимствований. Заимствования эти описывают  различные сферы жизнедеятельности человека: моду, религию, быт, а также человеческие отношения и эмоции. Наличие в современном английском языке такого большого количества французских и латинских заимствований объясняет ту большую роль, которую они сыграли в обогащении словарного состава и в становлении лексических норм английского языка.

Список литературы:

1)     Шевченко В.Д. Основы теории английского языка: Учебное пособие. - Самара: СамГАПС, 2004. - 72 с.

2)     Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка.— М., 1949.

3)     Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка.- М.,Просвещение, 1955.-348 с.

4)     Аракин В.Д. История английского языка.- М.,Высшая школа, 1968.- 42с.

5)     Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского языка. – М., ЧеРо, 2001.- 162c.

6)     Маковский М.М. “Английская этимология”, М., Высшая школа, 1986

7)     Заботкина В.И. “Новая лексика современного английского языка”, М., Высшая школа,1989

8)     Ивашева В. И. Теккерей- гуманист и сатирик. М., Худож.лит., 1974.- 740 с.

9)     Хауген.Э. Процесс заимствования. Новое в лингвистике. М.Прогресс, 1985. – 359с.

10)        Богословский В.Н., Дмитриев А.С., Соловьева Н.А. История зарубежной литературы. Учебник для филолог.спец.вузов.-М.,1991.-637 с.

11)     Арнольд И.В. Основы научных исследований в лингвистике. Учебное пособие. - М.,1991.-140 с.

12)     Медведев Я. История английского языка. – М.,1999 – 345с.

13)     Сапелкин А. Языки мира.  – М.,1999. – 564 с.

14)     Иванова И.А. Этимология английских слов.  – М.,2000. – 268 с.

15)     Секирин В.П. Заимствования в английском языке.  – М.,1999 – 342 с.

Приложение.

BEFORE THE CURTAIN

As the manager of the Performance sits before the curtain on the boards and looks into the Fair, a feeling of profound melancholy comes over him in his survey of the bustling place. There is a great quantity of eating and drinking, making love and jilting, laughing and the contrary, smoking, cheating, fighting, dancing and fiddling; there are bullies pushing about, bucks ogling the women, knaves picking pockets, policemen on the look-out, quacks (OTHER quacks, plague take them!) bawling in front of their booths, and yokels looking up at the tinselled dancers and poor old rouged tumblers, while the light-fingered folk are operating upon their pockets behind. Yes, this is VANITY FAIR; not a moral place certainly; nor a merry one, though very noisy.  Look at the faces of the actors and buffoons when they come off from their business; and Tom Fool washing the paint off his cheeks before he sits down to dinner with his wife and the little Jack Puddings behind the canvas.   The curtain will be up presently, and he will be turning over head and heels, and crying, "How are you?"

A man with a reflective turn of mind, walking through an exhibition of this sort, will not be oppressed, I take it, by his own or other people's hilarity.   An episode of humour or kindness touches and amuses him here and there--a pretty child looking at a gingerbread stall; a pretty girl blushing whilst her lover talks to her and chooses her fairing; poor Tom Fool, yonder behind the waggon, mumbling his bone with the honest family which lives by his tumbling; but the general impression is one more melancholy than mirthful.  When you come home you sit down in a sober, contemplative, not uncharitable frame of mind, and apply yourself to your books or your business.

I have no other moral than this to tag to the present story of "Vanity Fair." Some people consider Fairs immoral altogether, and eschew such, with their servants and families: very likely they are right.  But persons who think otherwise, and are of a lazy, or a benevolent, or a sarcastic mood, may perhaps like to step in for half an hour, and look at the performances. There are scenes of all sorts; some dreadful combats, some grand and lofty horse-riding, some scenes of high life, and some of very middling indeed; some love-making for the sentimental, and some light comic business; the whole accompanied by appropriate scenery and brilliantly illuminated with the Author's own candles.

What more has the Manager of the Performance to say? To acknowledge the kindness with which it has been received in all the principal towns of England through which the Show has passed, and where it has been most favourably noticed by the respected conductors of the public Press, and by the Nobility and Gentry.  He is proud to think that his Puppets have given satisfaction to the very best company in this empire.  The famous little Becky Puppet has been pronounced to be uncommonly flexible in the joints, and lively on the wire; the Amelia Doll, though it has had a smaller circle of admirers, has yet been carved and dressed with the greatest care by the artist; the Dobbin Figure, though apparently clumsy, yet dances in a very amusing and natural manner; the Little Boys' Dance has been liked by some; and please to remark the richly dressed figure of the Wicked Nobleman, on which no expense has been spared, and which Old Nick will fetch away at the end of this singular performance.

And with this, and a profound bow to his patrons, the Manager retires, and the curtain rises.

LONDON, June 28, 1848

Chapter 1

Chiswick Mall

While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton's academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.  A black servant, who reposed on the box beside the fat coachman, uncurled his bandy legs as soon as the equipage drew up opposite Miss Pinkerton's shining brass plate, and as he pulled the bell at least a score of young heads were seen peering out of the narrow windows of the stately old brick house.  Nay, the acute observer might have recognized the little red nose of good-natured Miss Jemima Pinkerton herself, rising over some geranium pots in the window of that lady's own drawing-room.

"It is Mrs. Sedley's coach, sister," said Miss Jemima. "Sambo, the black servant, has just rung the bell; and the coachman has a new red waistcoat."

"Have you completed all the necessary preparations incident to Miss Sedley's departure, Miss Jemima?" asked Miss Pinkerton herself, that majestic lady; the Semiramis of Hammersmith, the friend of Doctor Johnson, the correspondent of Mrs. Chapone herself.

"The girls were up at four this morning, packing her trunks, sister," replied Miss Jemima; "we have made her a bow-pot."

"Say a bouquet, sister Jemima, 'tis more genteel."

"Well, a booky as big almost as a haystack; I have put up two bottles of the gillyflower water for Mrs. Sedley, and the receipt for making it, in Amelia's box."

"And I trust, Miss Jemima, you have made a copy of Miss Sedley's account.  This is it, is it? Very good--ninety- three pounds, four shillings.  Be kind enough to address it to John Sedley, Esquire, and to seal this billet which I have written to his lady."

In Miss Jemima's eyes an autograph letter of her sister, Miss Pinkerton, was an object of as deep veneration as would have been a letter from a sovereign.  Only when her pupils quitted the establishment, or when they were about to be married, and once, when poor Miss Birch died of the scarlet fever, was Miss Pinkerton known to write personally to the parents of her pupils; and it was Jemima's opinion that if anything could console Mrs. Birch for her daughter's loss, it would be that pious and eloquent composition in which Miss Pinkerton announced the event.

In the present instance Miss Pinkerton's "billet" was to the following effect:

The Mall, Chiswick, June 15, 18

MADAM,--After her six years' residence at the Mall, I have the honour and happiness of presenting Miss Amelia Sedley to her parents, as a young lady not unworthy to occupy a fitting position in their polished and refined circle.  Those virtues which characterize the young English gentlewoman, those accomplishments which become her birth and station, will not be found wanting in the amiable Miss Sedley, whose INDUSTRY and OBEDIENCE have endeared her to her instructors, and whose delightful sweetness of temper has charmed her AGED and her YOUTHFUL companions. In music, in dancing, in orthography, in every variety of embroidery and needlework, she will be found to have realized her friends' fondest wishes.  In geography there is still much to be desired; and a careful and undeviating use of the backboard, for four hours daily during the next three years, is recommended as necessary to the acquirement of that dignified DEPORTMENT AND CARRIAGE, so requisite for every young lady of fashion. In the principles of religion and morality, Miss Sedley will be found worthy of an establishment which has been honoured by the presence of THE GREAT LEXICOGRAPHER, and the patronage of the admirable Mrs. Chapone.  In leaving the Mall, Miss Amelia carries with her the hearts of her companions, and the affectionate regards of her mistress, who has the honour to subscribe herself,

Madam,

Your most obliged humble servant,

BARBARA PINKERTON

P.S.--Miss Sharp accompanies Miss Sedley.  It is particularly requested that Miss Sharp's stay in Russell Square may not exceed ten days.  The family of distinction with whom she is engaged, desire to avail themselves of her services as soon as possible.

This letter completed, Miss Pinkerton proceeded to write her own name, and Miss Sedley's, in the fly-leaf of a Johnson's Dictionary--the interesting work which she invariably presented to her scholars, on their departure from the Mall.  On the cover was inserted a copy of "Lines addressed to a young lady on quitting Miss Pinkerton's school, at the Mall; by the late revered Doctor Samuel Johnson." In fact, the Lexicographer's name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her fortune.

Being commanded by her elder sister to get "the Dictionary" from the cupboard, Miss Jemima had extracted two copies of the book from the receptacle in question.  When Miss Pinkerton had finished the inscription in the first, Jemima, with rather a dubious and timid air, handed her the second.

"For whom is this, Miss Jemima?" said Miss Pinkerton, with awful coldness.

"For Becky Sharp," answered Jemima, trembling very much, and blushing over her withered face and neck, as she turned her back on her sister.  "For Becky Sharp: she's going too."

  "MISS JEMIMA!" exclaimed Miss Pinkerton, in the largest capitals.  "Are you in your senses? Replace the Dixonary in the closet, and never venture to take such a liberty in future."

"Well, sister, it's only two-and-ninepence, and poor Becky will be miserable if she don't get one."

"Send Miss Sedley instantly to me," said Miss Pinkerton. And so venturing not to say another word, poor Jemima trotted off, exceedingly flurried and nervous. Miss Sedley's papa was a merchant in London, and a man of some wealth; whereas Miss Sharp was an articled pupil, for whom Miss Pinkerton had done, as she thought, quite enough, without conferring upon her at parting the high honour of the Dixonary.

Although schoolmistresses' letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs; yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs this life who is really deserving of all the praises the stone cutter carves over his bones; who IS a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife, or husband; who actually DOES leave a disconsolate family to mourn his loss; so in academies of the male and female sex it occurs every now and then that the pupil is fully worthy of the praises bestowed by the disinterested instructor.  Now, Miss Amelia Sedley was a young lady of this singular species; and deserved not only all that Miss Pinkerton said in her praise, but had many charming qualities which that pompous old Minerva of a woman could not see, from the differences of rank and age between her pupil and herself.

For she could not only sing like a lark, or a Mrs. Billington, and dance like Hillisberg or Parisot; and embroider beautifully; and spell as well as a Dixonary itself; but she had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own, as won the love of everybody who came near her, from Minerva herself down to the poor girl in the scullery, and the one-eyed tart-woman's daughter, who was permitted to vend her wares once a week to the young ladies in the Mall.  She had twelve intimate and bosom friends out of the twenty-four young ladies. Even envious Miss Briggs never spoke ill of her; high and mighty Miss Saltire (Lord Dexter's granddaughter) allowed that her figure was genteel; and as for Miss Swartz, the rich woolly-haired mulatto from St. Kitt's, on the day Amelia went away, she was in such a passion of tears that they were obliged to send for Dr. Floss, and halftipsify her with salvolatile.  Miss Pinkerton's attachment was, as may be supposed from the high position and eminent virtues of that lady, calm and dignified; but Miss Jemima had already whimpered several times at the idea of Amelia's departure; and, but for fear of her sister, would have gone off in downright hysterics, like the heiress (who paid double) of St. Kitt's.  Such luxury of grief, however, is only allowed to parlour-boarders. Honest Jemima had all the bills, and the washing, and the mending, and the puddings, and the plate and crockery, and the servants to superintend.  But why speak about her?  It is probable that we shall not hear of her again from this moment to the end of time, and that when the great filigree iron gates are once closed on her, she and her awful sister will never issue therefrom into this little world of history. But as we are to see a great deal of Amelia, there is no harm in saying, at the outset of our acquaintance, that she was a dear little creature; and a great mercy it is, both in life and in novels, which (and the latter especially) abound in villains of the most sombre sort, that we are to have for a constant companion so guileless and good-natured a person.  As she is not a heroine, there is no need to describe her person; indeed I am afraid that her nose was rather short than otherwise, and her cheeks a great deal too round and red for a heroine; but her face blushed with rosy health, and her lips with the freshest of smiles, and she had a pair of eyes which sparkled with the brightest and honestest good-humour, except indeed when they filled with tears, and that was a great deal too often; for the silly thing would cry over a dead canary-bird; or over a mouse, that the cat haply had seized upon; or over  the end of a novel, were it ever so stupid; and as for saying an unkind word to her, were any persons hard-hearted enough to do so--why, so much the worse for them.  Even Miss Pinkerton, that austere and godlike woman, ceased scolding her after the first time, and though she no more comprehended sensibility than she did Algebra, gave all masters and teachers particular orders to treat Miss Sedley with the utmost gentleness, as harsh treatment was injurious to her.