Контрольная работа по "Английскому языку"

 

Ex.4. Опираясь на текст,  переведите на английский язык  следующие группы слов:

Консерватизм и исключительность – conservatism and exclusiveness

профессия юриста – legal profession

крайний – extreme

держаться в стороне  – to stand apart from

давать возможность  – to enable

полные гаранты свобод – the ultimate guarantors of human liberties

выступать против реформ – to resist reforms

находиться на вершине  – to be at one’s height

посредственность (ординарность) – ordinariness

присяжный поверенный (солиситор) – solicitor

адвокат (барристер) – Barristers

вводить в действие – to enforce

выступать в суде высшей инстанции – to plead in the higher courts

поддерживать монополию  – to sustain  monopoly

различные оправдания – different justifications

вид (форма) посреднической деятельности – form of sub-contracting

хорошо разбираться в судебной процедуре – to be skilled in court procedure

занимать оборонительную позицию – to become defensive

сбор (взимание налога) -  levy

Ex.5. Письменно ответьте  на вопросы к тексту:

1. What can you say about British law?

The law is the most extreme British example of a closed and self-regulating community, with all its strength and weaknesses. Its proud traditions can enable judges to stand apart from the state apparatus, as the ultimate guarantors of human liberties; but they have also enabled lawyers to resist reforms more stubbornly than anyone, and to fortify their own privileges.

2. In what way is the legal monopoly supported in Britain?

Only a solicitor can deal directly with the public, only a barrister is allowed pleading in the higher courts

3. What are barristers, what position do they occupy in the legal profession?

Only a barrister is allowed pleading in the higher courts. The barristers are specialists with minimal overheads who are skilled in court procedure and trusted by judges

4. On what have the British prided themselves?

The English are known to have long prided themselves on being less lawyer-reeden than most countries: they have about 840 lawyers for every million people compared to about 1,500 in the United States.

 

Тексты по специальности  и послетекстовые задания для студентов факультетов культуры и искусств

VII.C. Устно переведите  следующий текст. Дайте письменный  перевод абзацев 1, 2, 3, 6.

Folk Songs

1. Folk songs are known to be the songs composed by amateurs, common people of various trades, and dealing with various phases of everyday life: work, love, festivities, etc. We believe the most popular of these songs to have been handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. Many of them seem to be popular not only with a definite community but with a whole nation. Folk songs of different nations have certain national traits which, although difficult to describe, clearly represent the general character of the people. The songs may be hundreds of years old, so nobody is sure to know who originally composed them. Thus a folk song may be defined as a song of some antiquity and unknown authorship, which has been handed down orally for many generations and has become widely known throughout a nation or a smaller community.

2.  But although folk songs are obviously old, their age is usually exaggerated. In few fields of musical study has pure fancy been given rein to such a degree as in the field of folk music, where one may say that a melody dates back to a pre-Christian era although it shows unmistakable traits of its origin in the 18th century. For instance, practically all the folk songs currently used in Germany date from the period about 1800. Those of Italy are even more recent, while the English ones frequently show evidence of an earlier origin (16th century).

3. Some more facts to be mentioned here in connection with the characteristic of folk music include the following. The folk song has remained almost inaffected by “art-music”. We find it to be independent of harmony and complete without any accompaniment. As these songs and tunes were not at first written down, but learnt “by ear”, therefore the modern versions usually differ much from the earlier. In many countries folk tunes were becoming forgotten with time until some enthusiasts, usually professionals, began to rescue them and put them into print. That is why some of the best of them are likely to be better known by townsfolk than by villagers who originally made them.

4. The 1950s and the beginning of the '60s were the years of a particular revival of the folk-song tradition. Many new songs were composed and played on acoustic guitars. These songs were often songs of protesting, complaining about bad things happening in society. Famous American singers of this type included Woody Guthrie in the 1950s, and Bob Dylan, Paul Simon, Leonard Cohen and James Taylor in the 1960s. Women singers included Joan Baez and Joni Mitchell. British singers included Al Stewart, Ralph McTell and Cat Stevens.

5. In the 1960s several pop groups began playing traditional folk songs in the style of pop or rock music. Groups like Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span became famous playing “electric folk”.

6. Other musicians are also influenced by the style of English folk songs. Traditional folk songs, in the style they were sung over one hundred years ago, are still popular with a lot of people. There are traditional clubs in most towns. Even more popular is traditional Irish music. The Irish tunes are extremely varied and are so expressive that they can be effectively used as instrumental pieces. Indeed, most of the traditional Irish song-tunes are instrumental in their origin.

1. Народные песни –  это песни, сочиняемые, как правило,  обычными людьми самых разных  профессий, описывающие повседневную  жизнь во всех ее проявлениях: работе, любви, праздниках и т.д. Самые популярные песни устно передавались из поколения в поколение. Многие из них приобрели популярность не только среди определенной группы населения, но и среди всего народа. Песни разных народов имеют определенные национальные черты, с трудом поддающиеся описанию, но точно передающие общий характер народа. Песням может быть не одно столетие, и никто точно не знает, что сочинил их изначально. Поэтому народные песни можно определить как песни старины, принадлежащие неизвестному автору, которые передавались устно многими поколениями и стали широко известны по всей стране или небольшой общине.

2. Несмотря на то, что  народные песни безусловно являются  древними, их возраст обычно преувеличивается. Ни в одной области музыки нет такого количества заблуждений и иллюзий, как в области народной музыки, где один человек может датировать мелодию дохристианской эрой, несмотря на то, что в ней четко прослеживаются признаки 18 века. Например, практически все народные песни Германии датируются 1800г. Итальянские песни более современные, а английские народные песни принадлежат к еще более раннему периоду (16век).

3. В связи с характеристикой  народной музыки, нельзя не упомянуть  еще несколько фактов. Народная  музыка практически не подверглась влиянию классической музыки. Мы считаем ее независимой от гармонии и законченной без какого-либо аккомпанемента. Так как эти песни изначально не были написаны, а услышаны, современные версии обычно отличаются от первоначальных. Во многих странах народные напевы уже начали забываться, когда энтузиасты, обычно профессионалы, решили их спасти и перенести на бумагу. Вот почему многие из них становятся более известными, чем настоящие создатели этих песен.

6. Другие музыканты  тоже ощущают влияние английских народных песен. Традиционные песни, исполняемые в том же стиле, что и сто лет назад,  так же популярны у большого числа людей. Во многих городах существуют традиционные клубы. Гораздо популярнее становится традиционная музыка Ирландии. Ирландские напевы чрезвычайно разнообразны и настолько выразительны, что могут быть с успехом использованы в качестве инструментальных пьес. На самом деле, многих традиционные ирландские песни изначально были инструментальными.

 

VIII.C. Exercises to the text

Ex.1. Выпишите из текста все сказуемые, смысловой глагол которых выражен причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II). Определите время и залог сказуемого. Дайте исходную форму смыслового глагола.

Например: has been collected -- Present Perfect Passive Voice; to collect.

are known – Present Simple Passive Voice, to know

has been handed down – Present Perfect Passive Voice, to hand down

has become known – Present Perfect Active Voice

is exaggerated – Present Simple Passive Voice, to exaggerate

has been given – Present Perfect Passive Voice, to give

has remained – Present Perfect Active Voice, to remain

were not written down, but learnt –  Past Simple Passive Voice, to write down, to learn

were composed and played – Past Simple Passive Voice, to compose, to play

are influenced – Present Simple Passive Voice, to influence

were sung – Past Simple Passive Voice, to sing

 

Ex.2. Найдите в 4-м  и 5-м абзацах текста слова,  оканчивающиеся на -ing. Подчеркните  причастия настоящего времени  одной чертой (2 примера), отглагольное  существительное - двумя (1 пример), герундий - пунктирной линией (2 примера).

Ex.3. Найдите в 1-м  и 3-м абзацах текста и подчеркните  волнистой линией инфинитивные  обороты: сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) (4 примера) и сложное дополнение (Complex Object) (2 примера).

Ex.4. Дайте синонимы  из текста к следующим словам  и выражениям:

To write music – to compose music, a job – a trade, to take place – to happen; by word of mouth - orally; for example – for instance; ordinary people –  common people; to date back to – to date from; a characteristic (a feature) – a trait; to pass from generation to generation – to hand down from generation to generation; often - frequently .

Ex.5. Подберите антонимы  из текста к следующим словам:

Easy - difficult, new - old, widely known - unknown, a professional - amateur, in written form - orally, same - different, rarely - often, later - earlier, to end (to finish) – to begin.

Ex.6. Опираясь на текст,  переведите на английский язык  следующие группы слов:

Народная песня – Folk song

устно передавать из поколения в поколение – to be handed down from generation to generation orally

быть популярным у всего народа – to be popular with a whole nation

иметь определенные национальные черты – to have certain national traits

передавать общий характер народа – to represent the general character of the people

песня неизвестного автора – as a song of unknown authorship

стать широко известным – to become widely known

в области народной музыки – in the field of folk music

особенность народной музыки - characteristic of folk music

народная мелодия – folk tune

возрождение традиций народных песен – revival of the folk-song tradition

песни протеста – songs of protesting

акустическая гитара – acoustic guitar

играть что-то на гитаре – to play something on a guitar

чрезвычайно разнообразные и выразительные мелодии – extremely varied and expressive tunes

инструментальные пьесы - instrumental pieces

Ex.7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is a folk song?

Folk songs are known to be the songs composed by amateurs, common people of various trades, and dealing with various phases of everyday life

2. Why do the modern versions of folk music differ much from the earlier ones?

As these songs and tunes were not at first written down, but learnt “by ear”, therefore the modern versions usually differ much from the earlier.

3. What were some distinctive peculiarities of the revival of the folk song tradition in the 1950s and 1960s?

 

Many new songs were composed and played on acoustic guitars. These songs were often songs of protesting, complaining about bad things happening in society.