Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 17 Апреля 2012 в 22:11, научная работа
While reading English literature in the original, listening to the texts and dialogues we realize that there is a certain lexics layer that has not been learned seriously in compulsory school yet, but is used actively by the English speaking audience, especially by young people. It is Anglo – American slang. Very often, the translation of the text, containing slang, is difficult for the students of elementary school, that’s why we think there is the certain need to study this type of language more thoroughly. More over, when we use slang in our speech, it becomes less scientific and more distinct, it approaches to the natural teen’s communication style. Studying slang we followed the traditional method, used analyses of articles, newspapers, dictionaries, information from the Internet and classification of slang.
Introduction p.2
Slang p.3-5
1. The history of slang p.6
2. Slang as a phenomenon in modern
linguistics p.7-9
3. Slang and social development p.10
4. Features of slang p.11
5. Differences between the youth slang
and other kinds of slang p.12
Conclusion p.13
List of slang words p.14-28
Literature p. 29
Тындинская муниципальная
классическая гимназия № 2
«Англо – Американский
молодежный сленг»
Тында
2006
Contents
1. The history of slang p.6
2. Slang as a phenomenon in modern
linguistics
3. Slang and social development p.10
4. Features of slang
5. Differences between the youth slang
and other kinds of slang p.12
While reading English literature in the original, listening to the texts and dialogues we realize that there is a certain lexics layer that has not been learned seriously in compulsory school yet, but is used actively by the English speaking audience, especially by young people. It is Anglo – American slang. Very often, the translation of the text, containing slang, is difficult for the students of elementary school, that’s why we think there is the certain need to study this type of language more thoroughly. More over, when we use slang in our speech, it becomes less scientific and more distinct, it approaches to the natural teen’s communication style. Studying slang we followed the traditional method, used analyses of articles, newspapers, dictionaries, information from the Internet and classification of slang.
In the process of searching the sources of information it was “discovered” that this question had been studied poorly. In a good amount there are only slang dictionaries, have been published for the last years. Besides there are some articles, author of which make attempts to give the definition of slang and to classify it.
The slang of the English language is the theme that couldn’t make any linguist to be indifferent. Obviously the language has been sufficiently changed till our generation. We can observe that the language changes and their speed are coursed by external reasons. Actually by social reconstructions and by alterations in the English society.
Before speaking about modern language it is necessary to remind the recent history.
With the developing of subcultures in different parts of the English society a special language of this type began to appear.
Nowadays slang is one of the most interesting language systems in contemporary linguistics. In our work we will try to touch such an essential phenomenon like slang.
The main aim is to define youth slang, to explore its function as a system, to find out the source and verities of it.
The main and important task of our work is to prove that slang words and word – combinations an independent part of lexicology.
We must dwell upon slang as a separate category of modern language.
We try to analyze the useful features of slang in our speech to answer the questions if slang “poisons” and “pollutes” the modern language, if it has the full right to exist?
The youth slang is a special form of language. This kind of slang is based on the game of words, on a certain relation to the life neglecting everything that is right, proper and dull. It is used in the word formation, jokes and teasing. Very often elder people feel desire to use slang.
In the lexicology the youth slang exists in two opposite types. On one side: the concreteness and the purity of definitions, on the other side: amorphous of words and erode of meanings. Sometimes slang’s words and expressions are impossible to translate exactly into a literary language. For the last decade the youth slang has been replenishing actively by computer slang (judder, hacker).
The most vivid and interesting feature of youth slang is its fast renovation.
For example:
The other feature is the limit of thematic. The slang speech is considered to be the attribute of a poor culture. But for the most people slang became a favourite game. And it turns to be the main point of modern life.
For example:
Slang is the language in the language. Slang brings great variety into the speech of different classes and layers of society, groups of people united by the same occupation, trade or way of life.
The manner of youth communication is called “slang” or “Argo” (from French). Among teenagers slang exists since ancient times. The youth slang is loose and gives the opportunity to avoid dull words. Slang is similar to its bearer. It is abrupt, resonant and daring. It is the result of unusual desire to change the world in a special manner. For example:
“That room was a real barf – out.”
“Don’t be such chicken!”
“Why did I have to married such couch potato?”
“My ex – boyfriend was dirt.”
“If you keep acting so dorky, you’ll never get a girlfriend!”
“Bill Gates
is kind of a geek.”
Following this
idea we can notice that language can reflect this view better than clothes,
hairdo and the way of life. English slang includes words from different
spheres of society, dialects and the crime language. Usually the renovation
of slang takes place every 5 – 7 years. I’m going to introduce you
the dialogues. In the first one the lexics of 2000 and in other one
contemporary word are used.
The human speech is a mirror of general culture. In each social sphere are their own demands to language.
One can speak correctly and without mistakes, but not clear and dull and inexpressively. It is based on the skill and versatile use of lexicology of different styles. For example:
“He is famous for pig out on chocolate ice cream.”
“I’m really pissed at you.”
“Jim is a riot.”
“He is a Yank.”
“Has Dennis really taught bazillion students?”
“Do you want
play b –ball with me?”
1. The history of slang
The language is an unusual stable system. It can adopt “foreign” words.
English youth slang is introduced as an unusual linguistics phenomenon. It is limited by the age categories. It has the right to exist in the young people atmosphere. Like all social dialects it is only a lexical type that absorbs a multinational language, based on its phonetics and grammar.
The slang stream has never fully given out, it only dries out from time to time and then develops and becomes total. The slang formation is undoubtedly connected with the history of the country. For example some changes in the language after the World War I. For example:
Every language has different kinds of variants: geographical or territorial, perhaps the most obvious. Modern linguistics distinguishes territorial variants of national language and local dialects. For example in different parts of the country we can watch the existence of this phenomenon. For example:
If we begin to explore the movement of the youth slang we can note its
direction from the centre to remote places and vice versa.
2. Slang as a phenomenon in modern linguistics
In the English modern linguistics there is no distinct definition of slang. All the lexics is divided into literary and nonliterary. The notion literary type consists of: 1. book words.
2. standard conversational words.
This lexics is used either in literature or in oral official speech.
Nonliterary type is divided into:
1. Professionalisms
(You have beautiful ivories (teeth) said the dentist)
2. Vulgarisms
(She has a great bod (body) said Tom)
3. Jargonizes
(“She can be such a bitch (a very unpleasant woman) sometimes”, said my schoolmate)
4. Slang
(I was hoping to get my homework completed but it is no biggie (something important)
Slang unites the words which are dwelt upon as violation of standard of the language. They are very expressive, ironical words, serving to mark the objects which are used in the routine life.
A: You’ve got your horn broken?
I’ve called you to jaw.
B: It gets me down to answer!
A: Are you cloth – eared?
B: That’s just what I thought.
A: Planning something?
B: How goes the enemy? I must be of.
The slang is determined in a special form of conversational item used for communication by different groups of people according to their interests.
In a strong tradition the term “slang” means: 1. the speech of social and professionally limited groups are opposed to the literary language.
2. The variant
of colloquial speech (expressively coloured elements of speech) doesn’t
consider with the norms of literary language.
Slang consists of the words and phrasiologisms that appeared and were used by separate social groups. Having become widely used they preserve the emotional character though sometimes their meaning is changing. At the beginning of the 60th years of the previous century the word money had the following nominal lexical item – wad. In the middle of the 80th the sounding of the same word took the next form – bread. And nowadays we have beans in the meaning of money.
There are several points of view on the problem of emphasizing or not emphasizing slang from the row of other notions and terms at philological sphere:
“Believe it or not. Dave can sometimes act like an airhead!”
“My ex – boyfriend was dirt.”