Контрольная работа по "Иностранным языкам"

Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan since 1997, is a thriving and modern city developing at an amazing pace and a major political and cultural center which has already hosted important international forums.  Present day Astana boasts new modern government and business offices, a five star hotel and a number of good quality hotels to accommodate visitors, apartment blocks matching the European standards, beautiful squares and boulevards, modern roads as well as river promenade on both banks of the River Ishim. (Click here for picture gallery.)

Since 1997, the population of Astana increased from just under 300,000 to more than 500,000  (as of late 2004). This growth is attributed mainly to the massive influx of government and, more importantly, private employees, and their families, seeking job and business opportunities in the city's prospering economy.   Scientists predict that due to the natural growth and additional immigration the population may grow to under a million people in a decade. The area of the city of 248 square kilometers easily allows for such an increase. The main spheres of Astana economy include construction and services, both of which still hold enormous potential for growth. The development of Astana is so important to the country that it is considered according to the law to be one of the priority spheres for attracting foreign investment.  That means that business people investing their capital in Astana enjoy considerable benefits and tax incentives. While the old part of the town was located on the right bank of the River Ishim, construction in recent years has led to the appearance of a totally new city center on the left bank, complete with Government offices, private housing and entertainment facilities.    On December 10, 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty, where it stayed for nearly 70 years, to Astana (at that time Akmola). President Nursultan Nazarbayev  signed the relevant decree on October 20, 1997.

 

 

 

London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Big Ben is really the bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there. To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares. To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there. London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen.

The parliament of the country approved this decision on the same day.  Having arrived to Astana from Almaty on December 9, 1997, President Nazarbayev emphasized that it is located in the very center of the Eurasia continent at the crossroads of routes from East to West, West to East, From South to North and from North to South. The President stated his belief that this city will develop rapidly and contribute to the unity, fraternity and rapprochement of the Kazakhstan's peoples and to their prosperity.  Kazakhstan's ethnographers state that Akmola was founded in 1830 as a Cossack fortification. Two years later the settlement was given the name of Akmolinsk, and in 1862 acquired the status of a town.  Historians say that in the 19th century Akmolinsk was a large commercial and economic center of the steppe while its role as a major agricultural center in the second half of this century is also clear. The President therefore underlined that the "culture of this land is a major part of the national cultural heritage."  This land was always famous for its plenty, including a wide assortment of dairy products, such as kumys, shubat and ayran. This gives added meaning to the ancient name of this land: linguists point out that the exact translation of "ak mol" from the Kazakh language is "white plenty."  The new name of Astana given to the city on May 6, 1998, by the special Decree of the President,  means 'capital' in Kazakh language. During the Soviet period Tselinograd (the name Akmolinsk acquired in 1961), as capital of the virgin land, was also wealthy. Even during the most austere period of communist rule, there was always a variety of meat, sausages and dairy products available. Word spread about its light, white bread with a delicious crust and visiting journalists would always bring home a "karavay", (round loaf).  On December 10, 1997 President Nazarbayev in his speech to the ceremonial joint meeting of Parliament and government proclaimed Akmola to be the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 

 

 

The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain. The last place of interest I should like to mention, is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library -one of the richest in the world. All London's long-past history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are known all over the" world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a lot of others can be mentioned. And tourists are usually attracted not only by the places of interest but by the streets too. In conclusion I should say if you are lucky enough to find yourself in London some day you will have a lot to see and enjoy there.

The United Kingdom, the British Isles and England The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244.000 square kilometres. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain), and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the

Addressing the people of the Republic with an Appeal, signed by the President himself, as well as the Prime Minister, the Senate Chairman and the Majilis Speaker, Nursultan Nazarbayev stated that from that time on, the nation's most important decisions would be made there, in the very center of this huge country. "The heart of our country beats here... From here, Kazakhstan will determine its historical fate on the eve of the third millennium," proclaimed the President.  Moving the capital almost to the geographical center of the Euro-Asian continent not only solves this internal problem of the even ethno-geographic and economic development of the country, but also promises a number of other advantages. The cross point of the Euro-Asian continent's diagonals is situated, approximately, in the Semipalatinsk oblast, in the Degelen mountains, only 300 km from Akmola.  According to analysts' evaluations, significant investment will be attracted to this promising region. Kazakhstan is determined not to lose this opportunity. The Government believes the geographical location of the new capital, coinciding with the Pacific Ocean Europe communications crossroads, will enable it to become a major transit point.  At present, Astana serves as a transport hub in the very center of the Republic. All roads leading from Siberia to Central Asia, from China to Europe meet here. Astana airport is now under reconstruction, following the September 1997 completion of a new 3 km runway, capable of accepting all modern aircraft.  Presidential and governmental offices were re-located on the official date of the capital's transfer. To accommodate them, a seven-storey building, previously belonging to the former regional administration, was renovated. All the main ministries and departments have already set to work.  Successfully completing an operation on such a scale is a huge achievement for a country whose construction industry barely functioned during initial post-Soviet years. 

 

 

south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest cast, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not \ ei \ high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1.343 m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, hut they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round. The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 % of the population is urban. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties.

 

 

 

The President has led the transfer of the capital from Almaty to Astana. He emphasized that "it is for the first time in the dramatic history of the 20th century that Kazakhstan has independently come to a decision regarding the capital of its own country" and this decision resulted from "our national interests and bears a great political and moral significance." The President believes future generations will be able to truly appreciate the scale of what is being done today.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The USA The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada, and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a seaboarder with Russia. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million. If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska. America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande, and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part of the country is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the leading producer of copper and oil and the worlds second producer of iron ore and coal. On the industrial enterprises of the country they produce aircrafts, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, weapon, furniture, and paper. Though mainly European and African in origin, the Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations, including the Chinese and the native Americans — Indians. The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, and others. The United States is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, D. C. According to the Constitution of the USA, the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the juridical. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

Washington, D.C. There are two Washingtons in the USA. First Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the state named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The state capital is Olympia, and the largest city is Seattle. The second Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is located in the District of Columbia. The district is named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America. Washington was founded inl 791 for the purpose of serving as the capital of the United States of America. Many people consider Washington to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. There are many parks, wide streets and impressive buildings. In the centre of the city, there is Capitol Park, where visitors' eyes focus on the Capitol, the home of American Congress.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

— talk, dance, listen to music. I'm happy to have nice friends and a good family. I hope that my dreams will come true.

English Meals

The English proverb says: every cook praises his own broth. One can not say English cookery is bad, but there is not a lot of variety in it in comparison with European cuisine. The English are very particular about their meals. The usual meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Breakfast time is between seven and nine a.m. A traditional English breakfast is a very big meal. It consists of juice, porridge, a rasher or two of bacon and eggs, toast, butter, jam or marmalade, tea or coffee. Marmalade is made from oranges and jam is made from other fruit. Many people like to begin with porridge with milk or cream and sugar, but no good Scotsman ever puts sugar on it, because Scotland is the home of porridge. For a change you can have sausages, tomatoes, mushrooms, cold ham or perhaps fish. But nowadays in spite of the fact that the English strictly keep to their meals many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with jam or honey. The two substantial meals of the day are lunch and dinner. Lunch is usually taken at one o'clock. For many people lunch is a quick meal. Office workers usually go to a cafe at this time. They take fish, poultry or cold meat (beef, mutton, veal and ham), boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad. They may have a mutton chop or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some people like a glass of light beer with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food. School children can have a hot meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack from home. Tea is very popular among the English; it may almost be called their national drink. Tea is welcome in the morning,

Many visitors come to Washington to see the White House. It is the oldest public structure in the capital, built in 1799. The White House is the official residence of the President of the United States. It is situated at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. There are more than hundred rooms in the White House. The largest room in this building is the East Room, the scene of ;many state receptions and dances. Other famous rooms are: the Green Room, the Blue Room, the Red Room, which are used for afternoon tea and for receptions held before state dinners. The Blue Room, the most formal among all «colours» room is an oval-shaped room connecting the Green and the Red Rooms. On the second floor, one can find the Lincoln Room, which once served as an office for President Lincoln but today it serves as an honour guest's room. In this room, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, which gave freedom to black slaves in the States. Other landmarks of Washington are memorials, dedicated to three American Presidents. They are the Washington Memorial, built in honour of the first American President, the Lincoln Memorial, which is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth President of the USA, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Jefferson Memorial which was built in honour of the third President of the USA, who was the author of the Declaration of Independence. The Library of Congress, which holds five million books, the National Gallery of Art, the Capitol are also the famous sightseeing of Washington. The Capitol is located in the very centre of Washington, not far from the Library of Congress. It is situated on the Capitol Hill, the highest point of the city. The Capitol is the highest building in Washington. There is a law in

 

 

 

in the afternoon and in the evening. The English like it strong and fresh made. The English put one tea-spoonful of tea for each person. Tea means two things. It is a drink and a meal. Some people have afternoon tea, so called «high tea» with sandwiches, tomatoes and salad, a tin of apricots, pears or pineapples and cakes, and, of course a cup of tea. That is what they call good tea. It is a substantial meal. Cream teas are also popular. Many visitors, who come to Britain, find English instant coffee disgusting. Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats together. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, fruit and coffee. On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch consisting of roast chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy. The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example, French, Italian, Indian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do not have a lot of time for cooking themselves. So, the British buy the food at the restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat. So we can conclude that take-away meals are rather popular among the population. Eating has become rather international in Britain lately. 

 

 

Washington not to build buildings higher than the Capitol. George Washington laid the corner stone of the Capitol on September 18,1793. The Capitol is the home of the United States government.

My Best Friend

I have many friends. I like my friends. When we gather, we play computer games, chat, make lots of noise. I like noise. To my mind, people should have many friends as possible, because if you have not friends, you just become very dull and boring person. It is fine when you have friends, who are able to understand you and support and help in difficult situations. We have much in common and we enjoy communicating with each other. One of my friends is Sergey. He is thirteen. I can say that he is a good guy. He is a schoolboy. He wants to be a businessman like his father. He studies well, but he is not a hardworking person. When we gather together we like to play computer games, to watch new movies and discuss them. His favourite subject at school is Maths. He is keen on Maths. I guess he might become a great mathematician, but he wants to be like his father. We are friends for a long time. We trust each other. We have some personal secrets. I can tell him about my troubles and he always helps me, if he can. I'm happy to have such a good friend as Sergey.

My Family

I am Nikita Kuznetsov. I am fifteen years old. I want to tell

you a few words about my family. My family is large. I have

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

My Working Day

On week days I usually get up nearly six o'clock. I do not like to get up early, but I have to, because I have a lot of work to do during the day. I make my bed, wash my face, put my clothes on and go to the kitchen to have breakfast. My mother usually prepares, breakfast for me, but sometimes I do it myself. If I prepare my breakfast for my own, I should have to get up earlier. I do not like big breakfasts; I prefer a cup of coffee and a sandwich. Then I go to school. It is rather far from my house and I go there by bus. I have classes till two or three o'clock, it depends on a week day. Then I come home and have dinner. I like a big dinner, because when I come home from school I am hungry. After my dinner, I have a rest for a couple of hours and then I do my homework. If I have some spare time I do some work about the house. I sweep the floor, dust the furniture and clean the carpets with the vacuum-cleaner. Sometimes my mother asks me to go shopping. Then I have free time. I go for a walk with my friends or watch TV, or read books or play my favourite computer games. Then I have supper with my family. I like evenings very much, all members of our family get together after work and study and have the opportunity to talk and to discuss our family affairs. I usually go to bed at about ten o'clock, sometimes at eleven o'clock.

 

 

 

 

 

 

got a mother, a father, a sister, a brother, and a grandmother. There are six of us in the family. I think I take after my father, f m tall, fair-haired, and even-tempered. We have got a lot of relatives. We are attached to one another and we get on very well. First of all, some words about my parents. My mother is a teacher of History. She works in a college. She likes her profession. She is a good-looking woman with brown hair. She is forty-five but she looks much younger. She is tall and slim. My father is a computer programmer. He is a broad-shouldered, tall man with fair hair and grey eyes.

He is forty-seven. My father likes to sing and when we are at home and have some free time, I play the guitar and we sing together. My father knows all about new TV sets and likes to repair old ones. He is also handy with many things. My parents are hard-working people. My mother keeps the house and takes care of all of us. She is very good at cooking and she is clever with her hands. She is very practical. My father and I try to help her with the housework. I wash the dishes, go shopping and tidy up our flat. My grandmother is retired. She lives with us and helps to run the house. She is fond of knitting. My sister Helen is twenty-four. She is married and has a family of her own. She works as an accountant for a joint stock company. Her husband is a scientist. They have got twins: a daughter and a son. They go to a nursery school. My brother Sergey is eleven. He is a schoolboy. He wants to become a doctor but he is not sure yet. I want to become a student. I'd like to learn foreign languages. I have many friends. They are very good and we like to spend our time together. We do everything what is interesting for a teenager

 

 

 

 

 

Спорт Англия

England is a sports-loving nation. Sports in England take many forms: organized sports, which attract huge crowds to encourage their favourite teams to victory, athletic games played for recreation and others. Some sports are called spectator, when the number of spectators is greater than the number of people playing in the game. Other sports are called participant, sports attracting large crowds only on special occasions such as tournaments. The game peculiarly associated with England is cricket. Many other games are English in origin, too, but have been accepted with enthusiasm in other countries. Cricket has been seriously and extensively played only in the Commonwealth countries, particularly in Australia, India, Pakistan. Cricket is slow, and a spectator, sitting in the afternoon sun after his lunch, may be excused for a little sleep for half an hour. Cricket is making no progress in popularity. Association football or soccer is very popular. Nearly 49 million spectators each year attend matches between the great professional teams organized by the Football League. The biggest event in England is Cup Final played at the Empire Stadium, in Wembley, a London suburb. Rugby football is played with an egg-shaped ball which may be carried and thrown. Rugby is played mainly by amateurs. The games of golf and tennis are played by great numbers of people. Golf is played in the countryside. It consists in driving a small ball towards and into holes separated by considerable distances, by means of special golf clubs. The aim is to go round using as few strokes as possible. There are many tennis clubs, but every town provides tennis courts in public parks. The world championship tennis matches are held in Wimbledon in London during June and July. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in Britain is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse which they think will win. Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, boat racing, dog racing, and even races for donkeys. The famous boat race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people. Various forms of athletics, such as running, boxing, jumping, swimming are wide-spread in England. The English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing. Indeed sport in one form or another is an essential part of daily life in Britain.

Спорт Америка

Americans pay much attention to physical fitness and have traditionally done well in many kinds of sports. There is a large choice of sports in America. People participate in swimming, skating, squash and badminton, tennis, marathons, track-and-field, bowling, archery, skiing, etc. This can be explained by the size and variety of the country. Another reason for the popularity of sports in America is the love of Americans to competition of any kind. One more reason is that Americans use sports activities for teaching social values, such as teamwork and sportsmanship. The top four sports in America are American in origin: football, baseball (often called 'the National Pastime'), auto-racing (especially NASCAR), and basketball. Soccer is not as popular in the US as in most other countries, but the US did host the World Cup in 1994. Soccer continues to grow in the US, and is currently one of the most played sports amongst